Articles Open Access

The paper discusses how gender mainstreaming is applied in the EU funding allocations for 2014-2020, with focus on the EU Multiannual Financial Framework (MFF) and the main EU funding programmes. The analysis shows that notwithstanding EU commitment to gender mainstreaming, gender budgeting is not systematically applied in the EU multiannual budget and in the analysed programmes...

The estimation of the return from an additional education unit is subject to the ‘‘ability bias’’, responsible for the ‘‘endogeneity’’ of education to wages, and the ‘‘return bias’’, induced by self-selection into education levels based on individual-specific unobservable gains. We use a control functions estimator that, differently to standard instrumental variables, can account for both selection mechanisms. It adds two corrections terms to the wage equation, one for each selectivity source...